A variant misconception alleges church clerks to have recorded the crime of "Forbidden Use of Carnal Knowledge". If a couple was caught committing adultery, the two would be punished "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge In the Nude", with FUCKIN written on the stocks above to denote the crime. One of these urban legends is that the word fuck came from Irish law. There are multiple urban legends that advance false etymologies declaring the word to be an acronym. One reason that the word fuck is so hard to trace etymologically is that it was used far more extensively in common speech than in easily traceable written forms. There is a theory that fuck is most likely derived from German or Dutch roots, and is probably not derived from an Old English root. By application of Grimm's law, this hypothetical root also has the Pre-Germanic form * pug-néh 2- (''to blow'), which is the etymon of, amongst others, Dutch fok(zeil) ('foresail'). This points to a possible etymology where Common Germanic *fuk(k)ōn-from the verbal root *fug- ('to blow') comes from an Indo-European root *peuk-, or *peuĝ- ('to strike'), cognate with non-Germanic words such as Latin pugno ('I fight') or pugnus ('fist'). The word has probable cognates in other Germanic languages, such as German ficken ('to fuck') Dutch fokken ('to breed', 'to beget') Afrikaans fok ('to fuck') Icelandic fokka ('to mess around', 'to rush') dialectal Norwegian fukka ('to copulate') and dialectal Swedish focka ('to strike', 'to copulate') and fock (' penis'). The Oxford English Dictionary states that the ultimate etymology is uncertain, but that the word is "probably cognate" with a number of Germanic words with meanings involving striking, rubbing and having sex or is derivative of the Old French word that meant 'to have sex'. According to linguist Pamela Hobbs, "notwithstanding its increasing public use, enduring cultural models that inform our beliefs about the nature of sexuality and sexual acts preserve its status as a vile utterance that continues to inspire moral outrage." Hobbs considers users rather than usage of the word and sub-divides users into "non-users", for whom "the word belongs to a set of taboo words, the very utterance of which constitutes an affront, and any use of the word, regardless of its form (verb, adjective, adverb, etc.) or meaning (literal or metaphorical) evokes the core sexual meanings and associated sexual imagery that motivate the taboo.", and "users", for whom "metaphorical uses of the word fuck no more evoke images of sexual intercourse than a ten-year-old's 'My mom'll kill me if she finds out' evokes images of murder," so that the "criteria of taboo are missing." Etymology Germanic cognates Journalists were advised to refrain from censoring the word but use it sparingly and only when its inclusion was essential to the story. Because of its increasing usage in the public forum, in 2005 the word was included for the first time as one of three vulgarities in The Canadian Press's Canadian Press Caps and Spelling guide. Nevertheless, the word has become increasingly less vulgar and more publicly acceptable, an example of the " dysphemism treadmill", wherein former vulgarities become inoffensive and commonplace.
Andrea Millwood Hargrave's 2000 study of the attitudes of the British public found that fuck was considered the third most severe profanity and its derivative motherfucker second. Some English-speaking countries censor it on television and radio. It is unclear whether the word has always been considered vulgar or, if not, when it first came to be used to describe (often in an extremely angry, hostile or belligerent manner) unpleasant circumstances or people in an intentionally offensive way, such as in the term motherfucker, one of its more common usages in some parts of the English-speaking world.
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